Thanks for your answers so far!
No, its a Win 8.1 Pro, therefore no ReFS. I think you can natively use ReFS atm just in server editions. The space which has the Problem was not set up for mirroring, although i got another space within the pool containing much more important stuff mirrored. As i didnt format these two disks, i at least have the important stuff secure (well, as far as i don't try s**t like that again)
I think the main problem is thin provisioning, because if you format the virtual drive, usually all data gets lost, not because its lost, but because "the brain" gets somehow reseted and the new free space gets reallocated (does this word even exist? And does it mean what i want it to mean? Sorry, i'm german)
Recuva just shows me the results of one drive, and i cant get to the other drives...